Ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo zezinto kanye nezici ezifanele ubuchwepheshe bokucima i-laser

I. Izinto zensimbi ezine-ferrous (okwamanje yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu)

1. Insimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi nendawo nephezulu (okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni 0.3% ~ 0.8%), izinto ezijwayelekile:

Insimbi engu-45 (insimbi yesakhiwo esiphakathi nekhabhoni esezingeni eliphezulu), ebizwa ngokuthi i-S45C ezindinganisweni ze-JIS, i-ASTM 1045/080M46, kanye ne-DIN C45, iyinsimbi yesakhiwo esiphakathi nekhabhoni esezingeni eliphezulu enokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okulandelayo: i-0.42-0.50% ikhabhoni (C), i-0.17-0.37% i-silicon (Si), i-0.50-0.80% i-manganese (Mn), kanye ne-≤0.25% i-chromium (Cr). Le nto eguquguqukayo ibonisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu okubandayo/okushisayo, izakhiwo zemishini eziphakeme, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko, kanye nokutholakala kabanzi, okwenza isetshenziswe kabanzi ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini. Kodwa-ke, umkhawulo wayo oyinhloko usekuqineni okuphansi, okwenza ingafaneleki ezingxenyeni zokukhiqiza ezidinga ubukhulu obukhulu noma amazinga okunemba okuphezulu.

Insimbi ye-T8: Insimbi yethuluzi lekhabhoni le-eutectoid ebonisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka ngemva kokucima nokushisa, yize inemikhawulo ehlanganisa ukuqina okuphansi kokushisa, ukuqina okungekuhle, kanye nokuthambekela ekushintsheni ngokweqile ngesikhathi somshini. Le nto ihambisana nezindinganiso zochungechunge lwe-GB/T 1298, equkethe okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni phakathi kuka-0.75% no-0.84%, okwenza ifaneleke ekukhiqizeni ama-dies abumba abandayo alula kanye namathuluzi okusika. Inqubo yokucima idinga ukupholisa amanzi ku-780-800℃°C, kuyilapho ukushisa okungaphezu kuka-250℃°C kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kobukhulu. Kodwa-ke, ayinconywa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukumelana nomthwalo womthelela.

Insimbi engu-65Mn: Umkhiqizo wensimbi yesipilingi onamandla aphezulu ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa kanye nokuqina kokudonsa okubandayo, okunikeza ukuguquguquka okuhle kanye ne-plasticity. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zobuso kanye nokuqina okugcwele, umkhawulo wawo wokukhathala ufana nowemithombo ye-alloy enemibala emihlanu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuqina okungekuhle, usetshenziswa kakhulu ezipilingi ezincane njengezipilingi ezilungisa ingcindezi/ezilawula isivinini, izipilingi zokulinganisa amandla, izipilingi ezijikelezayo/ezingunxande ezijwayelekile zemishini, noma izipilingi zensimbi ezidonswa ngocingo zemishini emincane. Umphumela Wokuqina: Ubulukhuni bobuso bufinyelela ku-55-65 HRC ngokujula kwengqimba eqinile okungu-0.2 ~ 1.5mm, okunesakhiwo se-martensitic esifanayo kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuthuthukisiwe kakhulu (isb., impilo yokuguguleka yensimbi engu-45 iyanda izikhathi ezingu-4-6 ngemva kokucima). Ifanele amagiya, izikhonkwane, kanye nezingxenye ze-shaft. Indlela yokusebenza: Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okwanele kwakha i-martensite eningi, edlula ekuqinisweni okuphelele ngesikhathi sokushisa okusheshayo kwe-laser futhi ifinyelele ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esigcwele ngokuzicima okuzipholisa.

2. Insimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy (engeza i-Cr, i-Ni, i-Mo nezinye izinto), izinto ezijwayelekile:

40Cr: (I-40Cr iwela ngaphansi kwesigaba "sensimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy" njengoba kuchaziwe ku-GB3077. Le nsimbi iqukethe i-carbon engu-0.37%-0.44%, engaphansi kancane kwensimbi engu-45, enokuqukethwe okufanayo kwe-Si ne-Mn. Iqukethe i-0.80%-1.10% Cr. Ezisetshenzisweni ezigoqwayo, lokhu okuqukethwe kwe-1% Cr akusebenzi kahle, njengoba womabili amazinga abonisa izakhiwo ezifanayo zemishini. Njengoba i-40Cr ibiza cishe ingxenye yensimbi engu-45, ukucatshangelwa kwezomnotho kuvame ukuholela ekusebenziseni insimbi engu-45 esikhundleni salokho uma kungenzeka.

35CrMo: I-35CrMo iyikhodi yokucacisa yensimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy (insimbi ecinyiwe futhi eqinisiwe), ehambisana ne-German standard 1.7220, i-British standard 708A37, i-French standard 35CD4, njll., ngokuhambisana ne-GB/T 3077-2015. Ine-carbon elingana no-0.72%, ukushibilika okungekuhle okudinga izinyathelo zokushisa kusengaphambili. Le nsimbi ibonisa amandla aphezulu okuma kanye nokuqina komthelela, enamandla okunamathela angu-≥985MPa kanye namandla okukhiqiza angu-≥835MPa, ekwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa okusebenza isikhathi eside afinyelela ku-500℃. Ifaneleka ekukhiqizeni izingxenye zemishini ezinomthwalo omningi njenge-gearboxes, ama-crankshafts, izinduku zokuxhuma, kanye nama-spindle e-steam turbine kuma-rolling mills.

20CrMnTi: Insimbi efakwe i-carburing enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungu-0.17%-0.24%, evame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izimoto zamagiya okudlulisa. Njengensimbi eqiniswa i-carburing ephakathi nendawo (i-Cr-Mn-Ti), ikhombisa ukuqina okumangalisayo ngenkathi igcina ukuqina okuphezulu kokushisa okuphansi. Yakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukuqina kwe-carburing surface, le nsimbi ibonisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ngokuguquguquka okuncane kanye nokumelana nokukhathala okuvelele. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko kufaka phakathi izingxenye zomshafu wokukhiqiza, izingxenye ze-piston, kanye nezingxenye ezikhethekile zezimoto nezindiza.

Umphumela wokucima: ubulukhuni bungafinyelela ku-60~70 HRC, ukujula kwesendlalelo esiqinisiwe kungu-0.3~2mm, izakhi ze-alloy zithuthukisa ukuqina kanye nokumelana nokugqwala (njengegiya le-35CrMo ngemva kokucima amandla okukhathala akhuphuke ngo-30%).

Qaphela: Okuqukethwe kwe-alloy ephezulu kunganciphisa izinga lokumuncwa kwe-laser, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokumuncwa kwamandla ngokwelashwa kokumnyama (njengokuphosphating kanye nokumboza).

3. Insimbi ephothiwe (insimbi empunga, insimbi ephothiwe ethambile), izinto ezijwayelekile:

I-HT300: uhlobo lwensimbi empunga enamandla amakhulu, isebenzisa izinga likazwelonke le-GB 9439-88, igama layo elithi "HT" limelela insimbi empunga, elithi "300" libonisa ukuthi amandla amancane okuthambekela enduku yokuhlola enobubanzi obungu-30mm angama-300MPa.

QT600-3: I-QT600-3 iyinsimbi ethambile yomzimba ethambile, enamandla aphakathi naphezulu, ukuqina okuphakathi kanye nokuqina, ukusebenza okuphezulu okuphelele, ukumelana okuhle nokuguguleka kanye nokuncibilika kokudlidliza, izici ezinhle zenqubo yokukhipha. Ingashintsha izakhiwo zayo ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa okuhlukahlukene kokushisa.

Umphumela wokucima: Ubulukhuni bomphezulu bungafinyelela ku-45~55 HRC, ukujula kwesendlalelo esiqinile kungu-0.1~0.8mm, kanti isakhiwo se-martensite + residual austenite sakhiwa eduze kwesigaba se-graphite, okuthuthukisa ikhono lokulwa nokugaya (isibonelo, i-friction coefficient yesitimela somhlahlandlela wamathuluzi omshini ngemva kokucima incishiswa ngo-20%).

II. Izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous kanye ne-alloys yazo (amasimu okusetshenziswa avelayo)

1. Ingxubevange ye-Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, njll.)

I-alloy ye-titanium ibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo ze-alloy ezenziwe nge-titanium nezinye izinsimbi. I-titanium iyinsimbi ebalulekile yesakhiwo eyasungulwa ngawo-1950, enamandla e-alloy ye-titanium, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu.

Izici zokuqinisa: Ukushisa nge-laser kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-martensite egcwala kakhulu ebusweni, futhi ubulukhuni buyandiswa kusuka ku-300 HV kuya ku-500 ~ 600 HV, kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuqina okuhle (kufanelekela ukuqinisa i-blade yenjini ye-aero).

  Ubunzima bobuchwepheshe: I-alloy ye-titanium inokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-laser (cishe ama-70%), ngakho-ke ukwelashwa kwangaphambilini kwendawo (njengokuqhumisa isihlabathi) noma i-laser ye-ultraviolet (ubude be-wavelength obungu-355nm, ukukhanya okungaphansi kwama-30%) kufanele kusetshenziswe.

2. Ingxubevange ye-aluminium (uchungechunge lwe-2xxx, uchungechunge lwe-7xxx)

Lokhu kuyi-alloy esuselwe ku-aluminium equkethe izinto ezengeziwe ezifana nethusi, i-silicon, i-magnesium, i-zinc, ne-manganese. Ngokulungisa isilinganiso sezakhi, yakha uchungechunge lwe-1XXX kuya ku-8XXX oluhlanganisa i-aluminium ehlanzekile yezimboni kanye ne-aluminium-copper alloys. Uhlelo lwayo lwekhodi yesimo lusekelwe ezimweni ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo kufaka phakathi i-F (umshini wokugaya wamahhala) kanye ne-O (ukufakwa kwe-annealing), ngamakhodi anemininingwane afana ne-T6 avumela ukulawula okunembile kwamandla kanye nezakhiwo zokumelana nokugqwala.

Indlela yokucima: Ukuqina kwesixazululo esiqinile kutholakala ngokushisa okusheshayo kwe-laser, futhi isigaba esinqunyiwe se-metastable sakhiwa ngemva kokuzipholisa (isibonelo, ubulukhuni be-aluminium alloy engu-7075 buyanda kusuka ku-150 HV kuya ku-220 HV ngemva kokucinywa).

Imikhawulo yohlelo lokusebenza: I-aluminium alloy inokushisa okunamandla (ukushisa okunamandla cishe kungama-200 W/m K), i-laser enamandla aphezulu (≥2 kW) iyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokushisa, futhi kulula ukukhiqiza ukuguqulwa kokucindezeleka kokushisa.

3. Izinsimbi ze-tin (ithusi, ithusi)

Lena ingxubevange eyakhiwe ngethusi elimsulwa elinesici esisodwa noma ngaphezulu ezengeziwe. Izicelo: Ukuqina komphezulu wezingxenye ezingagugi (isb., amabheringi, ama-valve). Ngemva kokucima nge-laser, umphezulu wakha isakhiwo se-nanocrystalline, okwandisa ubulukhuni ngo-15% kuya ku-30%. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushisa lokushisa kumele lilawulwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthamba kwe-matrix yethusi.

III. Izinto Ezikhethekile Zokusebenza

1. Izinto Zokwenza Insimbi Eyimpuphu (isb., izingxenye zensimbi ezisekelwe ensimbini kanye nezethusi) Izinzuzo: Isakhiwo esinezimbobo singagcina uwoyela wokugcoba, kanti ubuso bube bukhulu ngemva kokucima nge-laser. Ukuqina kuyanda kusuka ku-20-30 HRC kuya ku-50-55 HRC, okwenza zifanelekele amabheringi azigcobayo.

2. Izinto Zokumboza Okungaphezulu (isb., izembozo zokufutha ezishisayo kanye nezendlalelo zokumboza) Ukusetshenziswa Okuvamile: Ngemva kokucima nge-laser izembozo ze-WC-Co ezifuthwe ezindaweni zensimbi yekhabhoni, kwakheka isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe esithi "martensite matrix + cemented carbide phase", okufeza ubulukhuni obungaphezu kwe-1000 HV. Lezi zinto zisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezingagugi zemishini yokumba.

IV. Izinto ezingafanele ukucima nge-laser

Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi (okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okunganele kwekhabhoni, ukuguqulwa kwe-martensitic kuncane, okuholela emiphumeleni emibi yokuqina (ukwanda kokuqina

Insimbi engagqwali e-austenitic emsulwa (isb., 316L): Ayinawo amandla okuguqula i-martensitic. Ukushisa nge-laser kubangela ukuqina komsebenzi kuphela ngokuthuthukiswa kokuqina okulinganiselwe (cishe u-15% -20%).